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The pgvector projectVector Database

pgvector

Postgres extension that stores vectors with the rest of your data and searches them exactly or with HNSW and IVFFlat indexes. Free under the PostgreSQL License, self-installed or on managed hosts such as Neon, Supabase, Cloud SQL, Amazon RDS and Azure.

The 30-Second Take

Pick pgvector if your application data already lives in Postgres and your vectors belong beside it.

Teams that moved to pgvector report one less database to run. Instacart reports 6% fewer zero-result searches after moving from FAISS.

Best fit
Teams whose application data already lives in Postgres and who want vectors in the same tables, transactions and backups.
Main constraint
Filters apply after the approximate index scan, and the planner can skip the index, so filtered queries need tuning as data grows.
First move
Test your filtered queries with EXPLAIN on production-sized data.

Why

Watch your filtered queries, since filters apply after the approximate index scan. Mem0's filtered vector queries never used their HNSW indexes. The company moved its vectors out at about a terabyte.

Practitioner sentiment, teams and leaders−29 Negative

21 practitioners, 33 sources reviewed, Updated Nov 1, 2026How this is measured

Read the GILD Review
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Operating stack
AI Application Platform

Comparisons

How does pgvector compare with the alternatives?

  1. pgvector vs Pinecone

    • Vector Databases

    pgvector keeps vectors in your own Postgres, free under the PostgreSQL License, while Pinecone is a managed service with plan minimums. Teams that moved to pgvector report one less database to run.

  2. pgvector vs Qdrant

    • Vector Databases

    pgvector keeps vectors in the Postgres you already run, while Qdrant runs as its own database, self-hosted or on Qdrant Cloud. Qdrant indexes filters into its search, and pgvector filters after the index scan unless iterative scans are on.

Operator Insights

What are teams learning from building on pgvector and running it in production?

Buying and deployment

What a team building on it should verify before production traffic grows.

Sourced from pgvector documentation

How you buy it

Free, PostgreSQL License

Keep the copyright notice and license text in copies. Runs on Postgres 13+ or a host that ships it.

Source 3, raw.githubusercontent.com, META.json: META.jsonSource 2, pgvector, LICENSE: LICENSESource 1, pgvector, README: README

Details

pgvector is free under the PostgreSQL License. It permits use, copying, modification and distribution for any purpose, without fee, provided the copyright notice and license text appear in all copies. On Linux and Mac, compile and install it (supports Postgres 13+), or install it with Docker, Homebrew, PGXN, APT, Yum, pkg, APK, or conda-forge. It comes preinstalled with Postgres.app and many hosted providers, and managed hosting is priced by each host. Enable it once in each database that uses it.

Cost drivers

No usage charge

Managed hosting is priced by each host. A search of 117 repository files found no fee or plan.

Source 2, pgvector, LICENSE: LICENSESource 3, raw.githubusercontent.com, META.json: META.jsonSource 1, pgvector, README: README

Details

pgvector has no usage charge or overage: it is free under the PostgreSQL License, and managed hosting is priced by each host. The license requires the copyright notice and license text in all copies. A search of 117 files in the pgvector repository on Nov 3, 2026 found no fee or plan from the project itself.

Where GILD searched pgvector's repository for a fee, plan, tier, charge, price or paid offer, Nov 3, 2026
WherePages readMatches
pgvector repository files at master, every file of 500 or more characters in its GitHub git tree1170
GILD search record, Nov 3, 2026
Where it runs

Your Postgres or a host

Neon, Supabase, Cloud SQL and Amazon RDS. RDS needs PostgreSQL 15.2 or higher. Azure is in Details.

Source 1, pgvector, README: READMESource 6, pgvector, Neon: NeonSource 10, pgvector, Supabase: SupabaseSource 8, pgvector, Cloud SQL: Cloud SQLSource 9, pgvector, Amazon RDS: Amazon RDS

Details

Neon: available on every Neon plan with no add-on or paid tier required. Azure Database for PostgreSQL flexible server: add it to your allowlist before you enable it. Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL: versions 13 and later support version 0.8.5. Amazon RDS: AWS announced on May 3, 2023 that it is available on all database instances running PostgreSQL 15.2 and higher in all AWS Regions, including the AWS GovCloud (US) Regions. Supabase: enable vector under Extensions on the Dashboard's Database page.

What to verify

Runs in your Postgres

Compile it or use a hosted provider. Its repository documents no SSO or audit log (0 of 117 files).

Source 4, raw.githubusercontent.com, CHANGELOG: CHANGELOGSource 1, pgvector, README: READMESource 5, GitHub, Security: Security

Details

The pgvector project documents no SSO, SCIM, audit log, security certification, data retention or training policy: GILD found 0 matches across 117 files in its repository, checked Nov 3, 2026. For security issues, the project names security@pgvector.org. With approximate indexes, filtering is applied after the index is scanned. You will see different results for queries after adding an approximate index.

Where GILD searched pgvector's repository for SSO, SAML, SCIM, audit logs, certifications, retention and training, Nov 3, 2026
WherePages readMatches
pgvector repository files at master, every file of 500 or more characters in its GitHub git tree1170
GILD search record, Nov 3, 2026

Signals

What is the current evidence saying about pgvector?

A current read of what teams report publicly about running pgvector in their own Postgres and on managed hosts, with each finding linked to its sources.

Whose sources count

Practitioner sentiment, teams and leaders

−29 Negative net

of 24 sources that take a side, each author counted once. Small sample.

How this figure is made

Current sentiment

Positive, mixed and negative sources

The score counts them as 4 positive, 7 mixed and 10 negative votes, one per author.

Teams report pgvector in production at Discourse and Instacart, and Mem0 moved its vectors out when the planner skipped its indexes under tenant filters. Filters and the query planner, release regressions and host versions draw most of the reports.

Run a pilot on your own documents and filters to measure recall against exact search, query latency at your filter selectivity, and memory per million vectors.

Evidence field. All 33 sources, one mark each.

Arrange by

Each mark is one source: positive, mixed, negative, no opinion stated, or documentation (not counted).

By sentiment, Teams and technical leaders. Every source GILD read, grouped as the field draws it.
GroupSourcesPositiveMixedNegativeNo opinion stated and not counted in the scoreDocumentation, checked and not counted
Positive550000
Mixed808000
Negative11001100
Documentation700007
Outside this group211000
Every source GILD read, by the quarter it was published, as the field's time axis counts it. Documentation is dated by the day it was checked.
QuarterSources
Q1 20251
Q2 20251
Q3 20252
Q4 20257
Q1 20266
Q2 20262
Q3 20266
Q4 20261
Documentation, checked7

By sentiment

7 documentation pages check facts and are not counted; 2 sit outside this group.

Hover a mark for a quick look, click it or press Enter to open its source.Tap a mark to open its source, then step to its neighbors with Previous and Next.

What practitioners praise

Each mark is a source on it; filled marks praise it.

For teams and technical leaders, no capability reaches 5 sources from 3 authors.

    Most common concerns

    Top concern of 2. Each mark is a source on it; filled marks raise it.

    1. Filters and the Query Planner4 of 5 sources on it raise it as a concern
    All 33 sources behind these findings
    1. READMEpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    2. Neon docs: pgvectorpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    3. Microsoft Learn: pgvector on Azure Database for PostgreSQLpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    4. Google Cloud: Cloud SQL extensionspgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    5. AWS What's New: Amazon RDS supports pgvectorpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    6. Supabase docs: pgvectorpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    7. LICENSEpgvector (Official), Product documentation, checked Nov 1, 2026
    8. GitHub issue by nlundeeNikolai Maasø Lunde (nlundee), Digdir (GitHub profile) (self-described: Genki, Digdir's shared generative AI platform for the Norwegian public sector, on Azure), GitHub issue, published Oct 29, 2026
    9. GitHub issue by jitokimjito (jitokim), Applied AI Engineer, Lbox (GitHub profile) (self-described: Hybrid sparse and dense retrieval on self-managed Postgres), GitHub issue, published Sep 10, 2026
    10. Hacker News comment by GluberGluber, Hacker News commenter (self-described: Production RAG on busy Postgres clusters), Hacker News comment, published Aug 19, 2026
    11. Hacker News comment by GluberGluber, Hacker News commenter (self-described: Designing production document RAG systems), Hacker News comment, published Aug 19, 2026
    12. Mem0 blog: How we cut vector search latency by 70xAashi Dutt, senior technical content writer at Mem0 (self-described: Mem0's production vector search on Aurora PostgreSQL), Engineering blog post, published Jul 30, 2026
    13. Hacker News comment by rkochanowskirkochanowski, Hacker News commenter (self-described: Storing embeddings at half precision), Hacker News comment, published Jul 4, 2026
    14. GitHub issue by itaispiegelitaispiegel (Itai Spiegel), GitHub issue reporter (self-described: Migration-time index builds in CI from the official Docker image), GitHub issue, published Jul 1, 2026
    15. GitHub issue by jippiChristian Winther (jippi), previously Staff Engineer at SeatGeek (GitHub profile) (self-described: Upgrading to Postgres 18 with pgvector in the stack), GitHub issue, published Jun 14, 2026
    16. Hacker News comment by TuringNYCTuringNYC, CTO and SVP at an advertising holding company (HN profile) (self-described: An enterprise AI creative platform on Azure Postgres), Hacker News comment, published Jun 6, 2026
    17. GitHub issue by spyderdfxMikhail Nelaev (spyderdfx), Ruby on Rails Developer, abak-press (GitHub profile) (self-described: Image-similarity search over binary hashes), GitHub issue, published Mar 29, 2026
    18. GitHub issue by R3gardlessSongYoungUk (R3gardless), Kakao (GitHub profile) (self-described: Benchmarking pgvector with VectorDBBench on Cohere-10M), GitHub issue, published Mar 9, 2026
    19. GitHub issue by alonzivalonziv, GitHub issue reporter (self-described: Retrieve-then-rerank on AWS RDS db.m8g.4xlarge), GitHub issue, published Mar 5, 2026
    20. Hacker News comment by gomobooKyle Ingraham (gomoboo), software developer building Customelon (Kyle Ingraham's own site) (self-described: A niche RAG site on a single server), Hacker News comment, published Jan 28, 2026
    21. Hacker News comment by eb0laeb0la, Hacker News commenter (self-described: A small RAG system handed over to an operations team), Hacker News comment, published Jan 15, 2026
    22. Hacker News comment by juanrejuanre, former startup CTO building aweb (HN profile) (self-described: Retrieval for internal company apps through their llmemory library), Hacker News comment, published Jan 15, 2026
    23. Clarvo blog: Optimizing filtered vector queriesMiro Keimiöniemi (m1r0k3), Clarvo (self-described: Clarvo's production recommendation queries), Engineering blog post, published Nov 4, 2025
    24. GitHub issue by detrinDaniel Herman (detrin), Machine Learning Engineer, Cisco (GitHub profile) (self-described: High-QPS vector search on one Postgres instance), GitHub issue, published Nov 4, 2025
    25. Hacker News comment by xfalcoxRafael dos Santos Silva (xfalcox), Discourse (GitHub profile) (self-described: Discourse, running pgvector across thousands of hosted databases), Hacker News comment, published Nov 3, 2025
    26. Hacker News comment by xfalcoxRafael dos Santos Silva (xfalcox), Discourse (GitHub profile) (self-described: Sizing index storage for Discourse's hosted fleet), Hacker News comment, published Nov 3, 2025
    27. Hacker News comment by whakim: Halcyon, with trillions of embeddingswhakim, Halcyon (in the comment) (self-described: Halcyon, with trillions of embeddings), Hacker News comment, published Nov 3, 2025
    28. Alex Jacobs: The case against pgvectorAlex Jacobs, practitioner blog (self-described: Planning production RAG with real-time inserts and filters on Postgres), Practitioner blog post, published Oct 29, 2025
    29. GitHub issue by igm503Ian Myers (igm503), Machine Learning Engineer, Shiftsmart (GitHub profile) (self-described: Recency-filtered similarity search over about 3 million vectors), GitHub issue, published Oct 26, 2025
    30. Hacker News comment by BrandiATMuhkuhJurgen Brandstetter (BrandiATMuhkuh), head of AI and engineering, Howie.systems (HN profile) (self-described: Indexing client documents on Supabase with pgvector), Hacker News comment, published Aug 20, 2025
    31. GitHub issue by JoranDoxJoranDox, GitHub issue reporter (self-described: Filtered recommendation queries on pgvector), GitHub issue, published Jul 23, 2025
    32. Instacart tech blog: search infrastructure on PostgresAnkit Mittal, Engineer at Instacart (self-described: Instacart's search retrieval, moved from FAISS to pgvector), Engineering blog post, published May 28, 2025
    33. Hacker News comment by whakim: A RAG startup whose embeddings grew by orders of magnitudewhakim, first employee at Halcyon (in the comment) (self-described: A RAG startup whose embeddings grew by orders of magnitude), Hacker News comment, published Mar 9, 2025

    Mar 2025 to Oct 2026.

    26 sources from practitioners, by month and sentiment.

    The full readExplore all pgvector Signals3 praise themes, 5 concerns, 0 points of agreement and 1 disagreement across all three groups, with all 33 sources open to inspect.

    Where It Fits

    Where does pgvector belong in the stack?

    pgvector is Core across Data, supports Operate, and touches Model, Build, and Evaluate.

    Business area
    Product & Engineering
    Function
    Software Development
    Operating stack
    AI Application Platform
    Primary role
    Vector Search in Postgres
    pgvector beside the rest of its stackThe Stack Field, every product on every layer
    Footprintpgvector across the AI Application Platform stack. Bar height is its role on each layer.
    1. Model

      1. Model APIs: Touches

        Model APIs, touches. pgvector stores and queries the vectors your application generates, and you can generate them in one language and query them in another. It calls no model itself.

      2. Model gateway: Touches

        Model gateway, touches. pgvector runs inside the database and routes no model traffic.

    2. Build

      1. Orchestration: Touches

        Orchestration, touches. Frameworks reach pgvector through Postgres clients: the README lists pgvector-python, pgvector-node and pgvector-java among its libraries. The agent logic stays in the framework.

      2. Tool use: Touches

        Tool use, touches. Any language with a Postgres client can use pgvector, so an agent's retrieval tool queries it with SQL.

    3. Data

      1. Retrieval: Core

        Retrieval, core. This is pgvector's primary role: it stores single-precision, half-precision, binary and sparse vectors in Postgres and searches them exactly by default, or with HNSW and IVFFlat indexes and iterative scans for filtered queries.

    4. Evaluate

      1. Evaluation: Touches

        Evaluation, touches. Exact nearest neighbor search, the default, gives perfect recall to compare an approximate index against. Scoring answers stays with an evaluation product.

    5. Operate

      1. Observability: Touches

        Observability, touches. pgvector runs in Postgres, so query plans and logs are Postgres's own. Application tracing stays with an observability tool.

      2. Cloud deployment: Supports

        Cloud deployment, supports. Neon, Supabase, Cloud SQL, Amazon RDS and Azure Database for PostgreSQL offer pgvector, each with its own release and enablement steps, and it also installs on Postgres 13 or later you run yourself.

      3. Guardrails: Touches

        Guardrails, touches. The pgvector project documents no security controls of its own, so check them with the Postgres host. It names security@pgvector.org for security issues.

    Market mapThe layers pgvector covers, and who else owns each one.

    1. Retrieval & grounding

      CoreData

    2. Cloud deployment & capacity

      SupportsOperate

    3. Model APIs

      TouchesModel

    4. Model gateways & routing

      TouchesModel

    5. Orchestration & agent frameworks

      TouchesBuild

    4 more layers on the full map. Core, Supports and Touches describe coverage. They say nothing about quality.

    More on pgvector

    1. GILD ReviewGILD's evaluation, with the buying facts
    2. Research1 piece
    3. Guides1 guide
    4. Operator Insights6 operator accounts
    5. Where It FitsOn the AI Application Platform stack
    6. Related Products3 products